Anti-anaemic effects of leaf protein concentrate of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst) Cufod. on some blood parameters of male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to phenylhydrazine-induced anaemia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod on some haematological and serum profile of 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into nine groups of five rats per group. The rats received fresh drinking water daily, with feed at 85% of ad-lib. The standard haematinic used was Ranferon-12®, at the dose of 0.3ml/kg body weight. The resultant groups were; Group1 (Positive control, received commercial feed) Group 2 (phenylhydrazine only or negative control), Group 3 (anaemia +haematinic), 4, 5 and 6 (anaemia +100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of LPC respectively), Groups 7, 8, 9 (Untreated (or UT) +100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of LPC respectively). The LPC was administered orally to the designated groups, while the controls received distilled water in place of the LPC. Anaemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine at 40 mg/kg for 2 days. Samples for haematological and biochemical analysis were collected on days 9, 21 and 28 of the experiment. Results showed that the groups supplemented with LPC were better in terms of the haematology and serum biochemical values compared to the negative control, and this strongly supported the traditional use of E. speciosa leaf in the treatment of anaemia.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Adjanohoun, J. E., Aboubakar, N., Dramane, K., Ebot, M.E., Ekpere, J.A. and Enow- Orock, E.G. (1996). Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopoeia. Contribution to Ethno botanical Floristic studies in Cameroon, CNPMS Porto-Novo Benin, P 22.
AOAC, (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (2010). Official Methods of Analysis, 19th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC.
Aliyu A. B., Musa A. M., Sallau M. S., Oyewale A. O. (2009). Proximate composition, mineral elements and anti- nutritional factors of Anisopus mannii N.E. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). Trends in Applied Science Research, 4(1): 68-72.
Balamurugan, V., Sheerin, F. M. (2019). A guide to phytochemical analysis. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education 5(1): 2395-4396.
Chen, J., Tian, R., Qiu, M., Lu, L., Zheng, Y. and Zhang, Z. (2008). Trinorcucurbitane and cucurbitane triterpenoids from the roots of Momordica charantia. Phytochemistry, 69: 1043-1048.
Coles, E. H. (1986). Veterinary Clinical Pathology, (4th ed., pp. 56-58). W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, USA.
Lott, D. R., Nolte, J. A., Gretch, F. S., Koff, D. R. and Seeff, L.B. (2002). Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury II. Recommendation for use of laboratory tests in screening, diagnosis and monitoring. Clinical Chemistry, 46(2000): 2050-2068.
Del-Rio, A., Obdululio, B. G., Castillo, J., Marin,F.G. and Ortoño, A. (1997). Uses and properties of Citrus flavonoids. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Chemistry, 45: 4505-4515.
Delwatta, S. L., Gunatilake, M., Baumans, V., Seneviratne, M. D., B. Dissanayaka, M. L, Batagoda, S. S., Udagedara, A. H., and Walpola, P. B. (2018). Reference values for selected hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters of Sprague‐ Dawley rats at the Animal House, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 1(4); 250-254.
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. (2017). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2017.Building resilience for peace and food security. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2017:1–109.
Essien, G. E., Effiong, G. S., Ebe, N. U., Akpanyung, E. O., Bala, D. N., Emeka, R.A. and Nwuzor, E. O. (2020). Effects of ethanol leaf extract of Eremomastax speciosa (African Blood Tonic) on female reproductive hormones of Albino Wistar rats. International Journal of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Studies5(1): 1-12.
Gilani, G. S. and Lee, N. (2003). Protein quality. In: B. Caballero (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (2nd ed., pp. 4847–4854). Academic Press: Oxford, UK.
Hariom, K., Joshi, A., Malviya, S. and Kharia, A. (2017). Anti-anemic activity of hydro- alcoholic extract of Calotropis procera flower on phenylhydrazine- induced anaemic rats. Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, 2(1): 6-10.
Hotez, P. J. and Molyneux D. H. (2008). Tropical anemia: One of Africa's great killers and a rationale for linking malaria and neglected tropical dsease control to achieve a common goal. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2(7): e270.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000270.
Jollow, D. J and McMillan, D. C. (2001). Oxidative stress, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the red cell. Advances in Experimental and Medical Biology, 500: 595 – 605.
Lowe, C. A. (2002).The effectt o f a leaf concentrate supplement on hemoglobin levels in malnourished Bolivian children: A pilot study. Available at www.leafforlife.org Accessed March11,2023.
Mbemya, G. T, Goka, M. S. C., Lienou, L. L., Sylvain, N. N., Donfack, J. N., Guerreiro, D. D., Njimou, J. R., Rodrigues, A. P. R. and Telefo, P.B. (2020). Eremomastax speciosa potentializes the PMSG- inducing effect on some physiological and biochemical parameters in PMSG-primed immature rats. Zygote, 2020(6): 482-488.
Ndem, J. I., Otitoju, O., Akpanaiabiatu, M. I., Uboh, F. E., Uwah, A. F and Edet, O. A. (2013). Haematoprotective property of Eremomastax Speciosa (Hochst.) on experimentally- induced anaemic Wistar rats. Annals of Biological Research, 2013, 4(6): 356-360.
Nwaigwe, C. O., Nwaigwe, C. U. and Leo, S. (2022). Comparative effects of Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. leaf extract and Ranferon-12® as dietary supplements on partially starved male Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Biological Research & Biotechnology Bio-Research 20(3):
-1675.
Nwokoro, S.O, Agbonghae, O.W, Akaeze, N.C, Onojeta, E.E. (2022). Chemica lCompositions of Leaf Protein Concentrate and Bagasse of Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) Leaves obtained from three Different Locations in Benin City. Nigeria Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 26(5) 845-849.
NRC (National Research Council) (2010). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Academies Press: http://www. nap.edu/catalog/12910.html.
Oben, J. E., Sheila, E. A, Gabriel, A. A. and David, F. M. (2006). Effect of Eremomastax speciosa on experimental diarrhoea. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2006) 3 (1): 95 -100.
Okokon J. E., Antia, B. S., Udoh, A. E. and Akpan, M. M. (2007). Anti-anaemic and antimicrobial activity of Eremomastax speciosa. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2: 196–199.
Okwu, D. E. (2004). Phytochemicals and vitamins content of indigenous species of South Eastern Nigerian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment. 30-37.
Onoja, S. O., Eke, C. l., Ejiofor, E., Madubuike, K. G., Ezeja, M., Omeh, Y. N and. Anaga, A.O. (2017). Antioxidant, anti- Inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of hydromethanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod Leaf. African Journal of Tradiional and Complementary Alternative Medicine. (2017) 14(6): 56-63.
Ragupathi, G., Gardner. J. R, Livingston, P.O, and Gin, D.Y. (2011). Natural and synthetic saponin adjuvant QS-21 against cancer. Expert Review on Vaccines. 2011:10:463– 70.
Roy, R., Liya, I. J., Roy, J., and Basher, M. A. (2023). Acute and subchronic toxicity profile of methanol extract of leaves of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. Toxicology Reports, 10:301-307.
Salako, L. A., Sowunmi, A. and Walker, O. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of halofantrine in falciparum malaria in Ibadan, Nigeria (1990). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1990 Sep-Oct; 84(5):644-7.
Sagnia, B., Fedeli, D, Casetti, R., Montesano, C., Falcioni, G., and Colizzi, V. (2014) Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Extracts from Cassia alata, Eleusine indica, Eremomastax speciosa, Carica papaya and Polyscias fulva medicinal plants collected in Cameroon. PLoS ONE 9(8): e103999. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103999.
Shukla, P. Yadav, Singh, N. K., Bansode, P. F. W. and Singh, R. K. (2012). Phenyl hydrazine induced toxicity: A review on its haematotoxicity. International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences: Online International Journal Available at http:// www. cibtech. org/jms. htm 2(2) May-August, pp.86-91.
Siwe, G. T., Maharjan, R., Amang , A. P., Mezui, C., Zondegoumba, N. E., Enow-Orock, Muhammad, G. E., Choudhary, I .Tang,
P. V. (2021). Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. counteracts the delaying effect of indomethacin on Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastric ulcers healing. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 279 (2021) 114374.
Skene CD, Sutton P. (2006). Saponin-adjuvanted particulate vaccines for clinical use. Methods. 2006; 40:53–9.
Trease, G.E. and Evans, W. C. (1983). Pharcognosy, 12th Ed. Baillieere Tindal, London.
Velavan, S. (2015) Phytochemical Techniques - A Review. World Journal of Science and Research. 1(2): 80-91.
Webb, C. (2020). Leaf protein concentrate: A path to plant-rich diets. Available at: https:// www.transformationhold ings.com/agriculture/leaf-protein- concentrate/ post date: December 16, 2020. Consulted March 6,2023.
World Health Organization (2008). Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005: WHO global database on anaemia./Edited by Bruno de Benoist, Erin McLean, Ines Egli and Mary Cogswell. World Health Organization.https:/apps.who.int/iris/han dle10665/43894.