Application of microbial synthesized phytohormones in the managementof environmental impacts on soils
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
With the world's population growing at an exponential rate, pollution of the ecosystem by heavy metals from anthropogenic activities poses a major threat to agricultural and food security worldwide. Phytohormones are biochemical signal molecules that alter plant responses to different biotic and abiotic stresses. Exogenous use of microbially produced phytohormone in heavy metal remediation and stress tolerance induction, has gained popularity due to its environmental friendliness and sustainability. Microbially produced phytohormones have huge biotechnological potentials and have been exploited in phytoremediation assisted removal of heavy metals, and inducing stress tolerance to plants. This paper exhaustively discusses the remedial roles of microbial phytohormones in heavy metal removal and enhancing plant tolerance to stress. However, the exact mechanism of action and the genetic interplay during the process need to be further studied to better understand the specific key pathways involved in the process.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Adato, I. and Gazit, S. (2014). Role of ethylene in avocado fruit development and ripening: fruit drop. Journal of Experimental Botany, 28(3): 636-643.
Ahmad, I., Akhtar, M.J., Asghar, H.N., Ghafoor,U. and Shahid, M. (2016). Differential effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on maize growth and cadmium uptake. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 35: 303–315.
Ahmad, P. (2010). Growth and antioxidant responses in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to combined effect of gibberellic acid and salinity. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,56: 575–588.
Ali, H., Naseer, M., and Sajad, M. A. (2012).Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Trifolium alexandrinum. International Journal of Environmental Science, 2: 1459–1469.
Arkhipova, T.N., Galimsyanova, N.F., Yu, K.L., Vysotskaya, L.B., Sidorova, L.V., Gabbasova, I.M. and Kudoyarova, G. (2019). Effect of seed bacterization with plant growth-promoting bacteria on wheat productivity and phosphorus mobility in the rhizosphere. Plant, Soil and Environment, 65: 313–319.
Bari, R. and Jones, J.D. (2009). Role of plant hormones in plant defense responses. Plant Molecular Biology, 69(4): 473–488.
Bashar, K.K., Tareq, M.Z., Amin, M.R., Honi, U., Tahjib-Ul-Arif, M., Sadat, M.A. and Hossen, Q.M.M. (2019). Phytohormone-mediated stomatal
response, escape and quiescence strategies in plants under flooding stress. Agronomy, 9: 43
Bennett, T., and Leyser, O. (2014). The auxin question: a philosophical overview. In: Zazimalova E, Petrasek J, Benkova E, editors. Auxin and its role in plant development. Springer. Page 3–19.
Beomke, C. and Tudzynski, B. (2009). Diversity, regulation, and evolution of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in fungi compared to plants and bacteria. Phytochemistry, 70(15-16):1876-93.
Boivin, S., Fonouni-Farde, C. and Frugier, F.(2016). How Auxin and Cytokinin Phytohormones Modulate Root Microbe Interactions. Frontier of Plant Science, 7:1240.
Bolan, N., Kunhikrishnan, A., Thangarajan, R., Kumpiene, J., Park, J., Makino, T., Kirkham, M.B. and Scheckel, K. (2014). Remediation of heavy metal
(loid)s contaminated soils to mobilize or to immobilize. Journal of Hazardous Material, 266:141–166
Braud, A., Jézéquel, K., Bazot, S. and Lebeau, T. (2009). Enhanced phytoextraction of an agricultural Cr- and Pbcontaminated soil by bioaugmentation with siderophores producing bacteria. Chemosphere, 74 (2): 280–286.
Bücker‐Neto, L., Paiva, A.L.S., Machado, R.D., Arenhart, R.A. and Margis‐Pinheiro, M. (2017). Interactions between plant hormones and heavy metals responses. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 40:373–386.
Cassina, L., Tassi, E., Morelli, E., Giorgetti, L., Remorini, D., Chaney, R.L. and Barbafieri, M. (2011). Exogenous cytokinin treatments of an NI HyperAccumulator, Alyssum murale, grown in a serpentine soil: Implications for phytoextraction. International Journalof Phytoremediation, 13: 90–101.
Chirakkara, R.A., Cameselle, C. and Reddy,K.R. (2016). Assessing the applicability of phytoremediation of soils with mixed organic and heavy metal contaminants. Review on Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 15: 299–326.
Csukasi, F., Merchante, C. and Valpuesta, V. (2009). Modification of plant hormone levels and signaling as a tool in plant biotechnology. Journal of
Biotechnology, 4(9):1293-1304.
Dar, T.A., Uddin, M., Khan, M.M.A., Hakeem,K.R. and Jaleel, H. (2015). Jasmonates counter plant stress: A review. Environmental Experimental
Botany, 115: 49–57
Davies, P.J. (2010). Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, signal transduction, action! Springer,
Dordrecht Defez, R., Andreozzi, A., Romano, S., Pocsfalvi, G., Fiume, I., Esposito, R., et al.(2019). Bacterial IAA-delivery into medicago root nodules triggers a balanced stimulation of C and N metabolism leading to a biomass increase. Microorganisms,7:403.
Dharni, S., Srivastava, A.K., Samad, A. and Patra, D.D. (2014). Impact of plant growth promoting Pseudomonasmonteilii PsF84 and Pseudomonas
plecoglossicida PsF610 on metal uptake and production of secondary metabolite (monoterpenes) by rosescented geranium (Pelargonium
graveolens cv. bourbon) grown on tannery sludge amended soil. Chemosphere, 117: 433e439.
Dodd, I.C. (2003). Hormonal interactions and stomatal responses. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 22: 32–46.
Egamberdieva, D., Wirth, S., Behrendt, U., Parvaiz, A. and Berg, G. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants correlates with the proportion of antagonistic endophytes. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:199.
Egamberdieva, D., Wirth, S.J., Alqarawi, A.A., Abd-Allah, E.F. and Hashem, A. (2017). Phytohormones and beneficial microbes: essential components for plants to balance stress and fitness. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8: 2104.
Erice, G., Sanz-Sáez, A., Aroca, R., RuízLozano, J. M., Avice, J.-C., Irigoyen, J. J., et al. (2014). Photosynthetic downregulation in N2-fixing alfalfa under elevated CO2 alters rubisco content and decreases nodule metabolism vianitrogenase and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Acta Physiology of Plant, 36: 2607–2617.
Elobeid, M., Gobel, C., Feussner, I. and Polle, A. (2012). Cadmium interferes with auxinphysiology and lignification in poplar. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63:1413-1421
Fässler, E., Evangeloua, M.W., Robinson, B.H. and Schulin, R. (2010). Effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on sunflower
growth and heavy metal uptake in
combination with ethylene diamine
disuccinic acid (EDDS). Chemosphere,
: 901–907.
Fuentes, H.D., Khoo, C.S., Pe, T., Muir, S. and
Khan, A.G. (2000). Phytoremediation
of a contaminated mine site using plant
growth regulators to increase heavy
metal uptake. In: Proceedings of the 5th
International Conference on Clean
Technologies for the Mining Industry,
Santiago, Chile, pp. 427–435.
Gill, S.S. and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen
species and antioxidant machinery in
abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48:
–930.
Glick, B.R. (2010). Using soil bacteria to
facilitate phytoremediation.
Biotechnology Advances, 28:
e374.
Gomez, C.A., Arbona, V., Jacas, J., Primo-Millo,
E. and Talon, M. (2002). Abscisic acid
reduces leaf abscission and increases
salt tolerance in citrus plants. Journal
of Plant Growth Regulation, 21: 234–
Gray, W.M. (2004). Hormonal regulation of plant
growth and development. PLoS
Biology, 2(9): 311.
Greenberg, B.M., Huang, X.D., Gerwing, P., Yu,
X.M., Chang, P., Wu, S.S., Gerhardt.
K., Nykamp, J., Lu, X. and Glick, B.
(2008). Phytoremediation of salt
impacted soils: greenhouse and the
field trials of plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve plant
growth and salt phytoaccumulation. In:
Proceeding of the 33rd AMOP
Technical Seminar on Environmental
Contamination and Response,
Environment. Canada, Ottawa, 2: 627–
Guajardo, E., Correa, J.A. and ContrerasPorcia, L. (2016). Role of abscisic acid
(ABA) in activating antioxidant
tolerance responses to desiccation
stress in intertidal seaweed species.
Planta, 243:767–781.
Gupta, G., Parihar, S.S., Ahirwar, N.K., Snehi,
S.K. and Singh, V. (2015). Plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR):
current and future prospects for
development of sustainable
agriculture. Journal of Microbial and
Biochemical Technology, 7: 096–102.
Hasan, S.A., Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. (2011).
Brassinosteroids protect
photosynthetic machinery against the
cadmium induced oxidative stress in
two tomato cultivars. Chemosphere,
: 1446–1451
Hasanuzzaman, M., Bhuyan, B., Zulfiqar, F.,
Raza, A., Mohsin, S.M., Mahmud, J.L.,
Fujita, M. and Fotopoulos, V. (2020).
Reactive oxygen species and
antioxidant defense in plants under
abiotic stress: revisiting the crucial role
of a universal defense regulator.
Antioxidants, 9: 681.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M.A., Teixeira da
Silva, J.A. and Fujita, M. (2012). Plant
responses and tolerance to abiotic
oxidative stress: antioxidant defense is
a key factor. In: Crop Stress and its
Management: Perspectives and
Strategies. Springer: Berlin, Germany,
pp. 261–316.
Hayat, S., Hasan, S.A., Hayat, Q. and Ahmad,
A. (2010). Brassinosteroids protect
Lycopersicon esculentum from
cadmium toxicity applied as shotgun
approach. Protoplasma, 239: 3–14.
Hayward, A.R., Coates, K.E., Galer, A.L.,
Hutchinson, T.C. and Emery, R.J.N.
(2013). Chelator profiling in
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv.
reveals a Ni reaction, which is distinct
from the ABA and cytokinin associated
response to Cd. Plant Physiology and
Biochemistry, 64:84–91.
Janeczko, A., Koscielniak, J., Pilipowicz, M.,
Szarek-Lukaszewska, G. and
Skoczowski, A. (2005). Protection of
winter rape photosystem 2 by 24-
epibrassinolide under cadmium
stress. Photosynthetica, 43: 293–298.
Janoušková, M., Pavlíková, D. and Vosátka, M.
(2006). Potential contribution of
arbuscular mycorrhiza to cadmium
immobilization in soil. Chemosphere,
:1959–1965.
Janzen, R.A., Rood, S.B., Dormaar, J.F. and
McGill, W.B. (1992). Azospirillum
brasilense produces gibberellin in pure
culture on chemically-defined medium
and in co-culture on straw. Soil Biology
and Biochemistry, 24:1061–1064.
Javed, T., Ali, M.M., Shabbir, R., Anwar, R.,
Afzal, I. and Mauro, R.P. (2021).
Alleviation of copper-induced stress in
pea (Pisum sativum L.) through foliar
application of gibberellic acid. Biology,
(2): 120.
Kang, J., Yim, S., Choi, H., Kim, A., Lee, K.P.,
Lopez-Molina, L., Martinoia, E. and
Lee, Y. (2015). Abscisic acid transporters cooperate to control seed
germination. Nature Communications ,
(8): 113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9113
Kazan, K. (2013). Auxin and the integration of
environmental signals into plant root
development. Annals of Botany, 112:
–1665.
Khadri, M., Tejera, N.A. and Luch C. (2006).
Alleviation of salt stress in common
bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by
exogenous abscisic acid supply.
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation,
: 110–119.
Khan, M.I.R., Jahan, B., Alajmi, M.F., Rehman,
M.T. and Khan, N.A. (2019).
Exogenously sourced ethylene
modulates defense mechanisms and
promotes tolerance to zinc stress in
mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plants,
: 540.
Kilian, M., Steiner, U., Krebs, B., Junge, H.,
Schmiedeknecht, G. and Hain, R.
(2000) FZB24 Bacillus subtilis- mode
of action of a microbial agent
enhancing plant vitality.
Pflanzenschutz-Nachr Bayer, 1(00):
-93
Kim, H.B., Kwon, M., Ryu, H., Fujioka, S.,
Takatsuto, S., Yoshida, S., An, C.S.,
Lee, I., Hwang,I. and Choe, S. The
regulation of DWARF4 expression is
likely a critical mechanism in
maintaining the homeostasis of
bioactive brassinosteroids in
Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 140 (2):
–557.
Krishnamurthy, A. and Rathinasabapathi, B.
(2019). Auxin and its transport play a
role in plant tolerance to arseniteinduced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis
thaliana. Plant Cell Environment, 36:
–1849.
Kumar, A. and Verma, J.P. (2018). Does plant—
Microbe interactions confer stress
tolerance in plants: A review?
Microbiological Research, 207: 41–52.
Kumar, S. and Trivedi, P.K. (2016). “Heavy
metal stress signaling in plants”
in Plant Metal Interaction- Emerging
Remediation Techniques, ed.
P.Ahmad, Amsterdan: Elsevier, 585–
Li, X., Cai, J., Liu, F., Dai, T., Cao, W. and Jiang,
D. (2014). Exogenous abscisic acid
application during grain filling in winter
wheat improves cold tolerance of
offspring’s seedlings. Journal of
Agricultural Crop Science, 467–478.
Li, X.J., Yang, M.F., Chen, H., Qu, L.Q., Chen,
F. and Shen, S.H. (2010). Abscisic acid
pretreatment enhances salt tolerance
of rice seedlings: proteomic evidence.
BBA-Proteins Proteomics, 1804: 929-
Liu, Y., Shi, Z., Yao, L., Yue, H., Li, H. and Li, C.
(2013). Effect of IAA produced by
Klebsiella oxytoca Rs-5 on cotton
growth under salt stress. Journal of
General and Applied Microbiology,
:59–65.
Ljung, K. (2013). Auxin metabolism and
homeostasis during plant
development. Development, 140:
–950..
Lu, Q., Chen, S., Li, Y., Zheng, F., He, B. and
Gu, M. (2020). Exogenous abscisic
acid (ABA) promotes cadmium (Cd)
accumulation in Sedum alfredii Hance
by regulating the expression of Cd
stress response genes. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 27:
–8731.
Luo, S.L., Wan, Y., Xiao, X., Guo, H., Chen, L.,
Xi, Q., Zeng, G., Liu, C. and Chen, J.
(2011). Isolation and characterization
of endophytic bacterium LRE07 from
cadmium hyperaccumulator Solanum
nigrum L. and its potential for
remediation. Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology, 89: 1637e1644.
Ma, Y., Rajkumar, M., Zhang, C. and Freitas, H.
(2016a). The beneficial role of bacterial
endophytes in heavy metal
phytoremediation. Journal of
Environmental Management, 174: 14–
Ma, Y., Rajkumar, M., Zhang, C. and Freitas, H.
(2016b). Inoculation of Brassica
oxyrrhina with plant growth promoting
bacteria for the improvement of heavy
metal phytoremediation under drought conditions. Journal of
Hazardous Material, 320: 36–44.
Mahmood, Q., Mirza, N. and Shaheen, S.
(2015). Phytoremediation using algae
and macrophytes. Phytoremediation,
Springer International, Cham,
Switzerland, page 265– 289.
Mahalingam, R. (2015). “Consideration of
combined stress: a crucial paradigm
for improving multiple stress tolerance
in plants,” in Combined Stresses in
Plants, ed. R. Mahalingam Berlin,
Springer, Page 1–25.
Manjili, F.A., Sedghi, M. and Pessarakli, M.
(2012). Effects of phytohormones on
proline content and antioxidant
enzymes of various wheat cultivars
under salinity stress. Journal of Plant
Nutrition, 35: 1098–1111.
Marulanda, A., Barea, J. M., and Azcón, R.
(2009). Stimulation of plant growth and
drought tolerance by native
microorganisms (AM fungi and
bacteria) from dry environments:
mechanisms related to bacterial
effectiveness. Journal of Plant Growth
and Regulation, 28: 115–124.
Mishra, S.K., Khan, M.H., Misra, S., Dixit, K.V.,
Khare, P., Srivastava, S. and
Chauhan, P.S. (2017).
Characterization of Pseudomonas spp.
and Ochrobactrum sp. isolated from
volcanic soil. Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek, 110: 253–270.
Mohan, T.C., Castrillo, G., Navarro, C., ZarcoFernandez, S., Ramireddy, E., Mateo,
C. and Hernandez, L.E. (2016).
Cytokinin determines thiol-mediated
arsenic tolerance and accumulation.
Plant Physiology, 171 (2): 1418–1426.
Monferrán, M.V., and Wunderlin, D.A. (2013).
Biochemistry of metals/metalloids
toward remediation process. In: Gupta,
D.K., Corpas, F.J., and Palma, J.M.
(Eds) Heavy metal stress in plants.
Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 43–71.
Mora-Herrera, M.E. and Lopez-Delgado, H.A.
(2007). Freezing tolerance and
antioxidant activity in potato
microplants induced by abscisic acid
treatment. American Journal of Potato
Research, 84: 467–475.
Nakashima, K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.
(2013). ABA signaling in stressresponse and seed development. Plant
Cell Report, 32(7): 959–970.
Naz, I., Bano, A. and Ul-Hassan, T. (2009).
Isolation of phytohormones producing
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
from weeds growing in Khewra salt
range, Pakistan and their implication in
providing salt tolerance to Glycine max
L. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8:
–5766.
Nazli, F., Mustafa, A., Ahmad, A., Hussain, A.,
Jamil, M., Wang, X., Shakeel, Q.,
Imtiaz, M., El-Esawi, A.M. (2020). A
Review on Practical
Application and Potentials of
Phytohormone-Producing Plant
Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for
Inducing Heavy Metal Tolerance in
Crops. Sustainability, 12: 9056.
Nguyen, T.Q., Sesin, V., Kisiala, A. and Emery,
R.N. (2021). Phytohormonal roles in
plant responses to heavy metal stress:
implications for using macrophytes in
phytoremediation of aquatic
ecosystems. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 40(1): 7–
Nguyen, T.Q., Sesin, V., Kisiala, A. and Emery,
R.J.N. (2020). The Role of
Phytohormones in Enhancing Metal
Remediation Capacity of Algae.
Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 23: 43.
Olaniyi, O.A., Ojekunle, Z.O. and Amujo, B.T.
(2013). Review of climate change and
its effect on Nigeria ecosystem.
International Journal of African and
Asian Studies, 1: 1-9.
Omay, S.H., Schmidt, W.A., Martin, P. and
Bangerth, F. (1993). Indoleacetic acid
production by the rhizosphere
bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd
under in vitro conditions. Canadian
Journal of Microbiology, 39:187–192
Park, Y.G., Mun, B.G., Kang, S.M., Hussain, A.,
Shahzad, R., Seo, C., Kim, A., Lee, S.,
Oh, K.Y., Lee, D.Y., Lee, I. and Yun, B. (2017). Bacillus aryabhattai SRB02
tolerates oxidative and nitrosative
stress and promotes the growth of
soybean by modulating the production
of phytohormones. PLOS one, 12:
e0173203.
Patten, C.J., Blakney, A.J.C., and Coulson,
T.J.D. (2013). Activity, distribution and
function of indole−3-acetic acid
biosynthetic pathways in bacteria.
Critical Reviews in Microbiology,
:395–415.
Paque, S., and Weijers, D. (2016). Auxin: the
plant molecule that influences almost
anything. BMC Biology, 14: 67.
Perrot-Rechenmann, C. (2010). Cellular
responses to auxin: division versus
expansion. Cold Spring Harbor
Perspectives in Biology, 2: 001446.
Peleg, Z. and Blumwald, E. (2011). Hormone
balance and abiotic stress tolerance in
crop plants. Current Opinions in Plant
Biology, 14: 290–295.
Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, A., Bajguz, A.,
Kotowska, U., Zambrzycka-Szelewa,
E. and Sienkiewicz, A. (2020). Auxins
and cytokinins regulate phytohormone
homeostasis and thiol-mediated
detoxification in the green alga
Acutodesmus obliquus exposed to
lead stress. Science Report, 10: (1): 1–
Pirog, T.P., Iutynska, G.O., Leonova, N.O.,
Beregova, K.A. and Shevchuk, T.A.
(2017). Microbial Synthesis of
Phytohormones. Biotechnologia Acta,
: 1-21.
Pospisilova, J. (2003). Participation of
phytohormones in the stomatal
regulation of gas exchange during
water stress. Biologia Plantarum, 46:
–506.
Potters, G., Pasternak, T.P., Guisez, Y., Palme,
K.J. and Jansen, M.A. (2007). Stressinduced morphogenic responses:
growing out of trouble? Trends in Plant
Science, 12: 98–105.
Prapagdee, B., Chanprasert, M. and
Mongkolsuk, S. (2013).
Bioaugmentation with cadmiumresistant plant growth promoting
rhizobacteria to assist cadmium
phytoextraction by Helianthus annuus.
Chemosphere, 92 (6): 659–666.
Rajkumar, M., Ae, N., Prasad, M.N.V. and
Freitas, H. (2010). Potential of
siderophores producing bacteria for
improving heavy metal
phytoextraction. Trends in
Biotechnology, 28 (3): 142–149.
Ramakrishna, B. and Rao, S.S.R. (2015). Foliar
application of brassinosteroids
alleviates adverse effects of zinc
toxicity in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
plants. Protoplasma, 252: 665–667.
Rascio, N., and Navari-Izzo, F. (2011). Heavy
metal hyperaccumulating plants: how
and why do they do it? And what
makes them so interesting? Plant
Science, 180: 169–181.
Sah, S.K., Reddy, K.R. and Li, J. (2016).
Abscisic acid and abiotic stress
tolerance in crop. Frontier of Plant
Science, 7:571.
Saini, S., Sharma, I., Kaur, N. and Pati, P.K.
(2013). Auxin: a master regulator in
plant root development. Plant Cell
Report, 32 (6): 741–757.
Saini, S., Kaur, N. and Pati, P.K. (2021).
Phytohormones: key players in the
modulation of heavy metal stress
tolerance in plants. Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety, 223:112578.
Schmulling, T. (2002). New insights into the
functions of cytokinins in plant
development. Journal of Plant Growth
Regulation,21:40–49.
Sgroy, V., Cassán, F., Masciarelli, O., Del-Papa,
M.F., Lagares, A. and Luna, V. (2009).
Isolation and characterization of
endophytic plant growth-promoting
(PGPB) or stress homeostasis
regulating (PSHB) bacteria associated
to the halophyte Prosopis
strombulifera. Applied Microbiology
and Biotechnology, 85: 371–381.
Shahzad, R., Waqas, M., Khan, A.L., Asaf, S.,
Khan, M.A., Kang, S.M., Yun, B. and
Lee, I. (2016). Seed-borne endophytic
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1
produces gibberellins and regulates
endogenous phytohormones of Oryza sativa. Plant Physiology and
Biochemistry, 106: 236–243.
Singh, R.P. and Jha, P.N. (2016). A halotolerant
bacterium Bacillus licheniformis HSW16 augments induced systemic
tolerance to salt stress in wheat plant
(Triticum aestivum). Frontier of Plant
Science, 7:1890.
Singh, S. and Prasad, S.M. (2014). Growth,
photosynthesis and oxidative
responses of Solanum melongena L.
Seedlings to cadmium stress:
mechanism of toxicity amelioration by
kinetin. Scientia Horticulturae, 176: 1–
Song, C., Yan, Y., Rosado, A., Zhang, Z. and
Castellarin, S.D. (2019). ABA
alleviates uptake and accumulation of
zinc in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) by
inducing expression of zip and
detoxification-related genes. Frontier
of Plant Science, 10: 872.
Sorty, A.M., Meena, K.K., Choudhary, K., Bitla,
U.M., Minhas, P.S. and Krishnani, K.K.
(2016). Effect of plant growth
promoting bacteria associated with
halophytic weed (Psoralea corylifolia
L.) on germination and seedling growth
of wheat under saline conditions.
Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, 180: 872–882.
Spaepen, S. (2015). Plant hormones produced
by microbes. In: Lugtenberg, B. (Ed.),
Principles of Plant-Microbe
Interactions, Springer, pp. 247-256.
Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J., and Remans, R.
(2007). Indole-3-acetic acid in
microbial and microorganism-plant
signaling. FEMS Microbiology Review,
: 425–448.
Splivallo, R., Fischer, U., Göbel, C., Feussner,
I., and Karlovsky, P. (2009). Truffles
regulate plant root morphogenesis via
the production of auxin and ethylene.
Plant Physiology, 150: 2018–2029.
Spollen, W.G., Le-Noble, M.E., Samuels, T.D.,
Bernstein, N. and Sharp, R.E. (2000).
Abscisic acid accumulation maintains
maize primary root elongation at low
water potentials by restricting ethylene
production. Plant Physiology,
:967–976.
Sytar, O., Kumari, P., Yadav, S., Brestic, M. and
Rastogi, A. (2019). Phytohormone
priming: regulator for heavy metal
stress in plants. Journal of Plant
Growth Regulation, 38: 739-752.
Tassi, E., Pouget, J., Petruzzelli, G. and
Barbafieri, M. (2008). The effects of
exogenous plant growth regulators in
the phytoextraction of HMs.
Chemosphere, 71: 66–73.
Tien, T.M., Gaskins, M.H. and Hubbell, D.H.
(1979). Plant growth substances
produced by Azospirillum brasilense
and their effect on the growth of pearl
millet (Pennisetum americanum L.).
Applied Environmental Microbiology,
(5):1016–1024.
Tsikou, D., Kalloniati, C., Fotelli, M. N.,
Nikolopoulos, D., Katinakis, P.,
Udvardi, M. K., Rennenberg, H., and
Flemetakis, E. (2013). Cessation of
photosynthesis in Lotus japonicus
leaves leads to reprogramming of
nodule metabolism. Journal of
Experimental Botany, 64: 1317–1332.
Ullah, A., Heng, S., Munis, M.F.H., Fahad, S.
and Yang, X. (2015). Phytoremediation
of heavy metals assisted by plant
growth promoting (PGP) bacteria: a
review. Environmental and
Experimental Botany, 117: 28–40.
United Nations. (2019). Growing at a slower
pace, world population is expected to
reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and could
peak at nearly 11 billion around 2100.
Available:https://www.un.org/develop
ment/desa/en/news/population/worldpopulation-prospects 2019.html.
Accessed 03 October 2021.
Van-der-Ent, A., Baker, A. J., Reeves, R. D.,
Pollard, A. J., and Schat, H. (2013).
Hyperaccumulators of metal and
metalloid trace elements: facts and
fiction. Plant Soil, 362: 319–334.
Vitti, A., Nuzzaci, M., Scopa, A., Tataranni, G.,
Remans, T., Vangronsveld, J. and
Sofo, A. (2013). Auxin and cytokinin
metabolism and root morphological
modifications in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings infected with Cucumber
mosaic virus (CMV) or exposed to
cadmium. International Journal of
Molecular Science, 14 (4): 6889–6902.
Vob, U., Bishopp, A., Farcot, E. and Bennett,
M.J. (2014). Modelling hormonal
response and development. Trends in
Plant Science, 19: 311-319.
Vysotskaya, L.B., Korobova, A.V., Veselov,
S.Y., Dodd, I.C. and Kudoyarova, G.R.
(2009). ABA mediation of shoot
cytokinin oxidase activity: assessing its
impacts on cytokinin status and
biomass allocation of nutrient deprived
durum wheat. Functional Plant Biology,
: 66–72.
Wang, C., Liu, Y., Li, S.S. and Han, G.Z. (2015).
Insights into the origin and evolution of
the plant hormone signaling
machinery. Plant Physiology, 167(3):
–886.
Weijers, D. and Wagner, D. (2016).
Transcriptional responses to the auxin
hormone. Annual Review of Plant
Biology, 67:539–74.
Wilkinson, S., Kudoyarova, G.R., Veselov, D.S.,
Arkhipova, T.N. and Davies, W.J.
(2012). Plant hormone interactions:
innovative targets for crop breeding
and management. Journal of
Experimental Botany, 63: 3499–3509.
Wolbang, C.M., Chandler, P.M., Smith, J.J. and
Ross, J.J. (2004). Auxin from the
developing inflorescence is required
for the biosynthesis of active
gibberellins in barley stems. Plant
Physiology, 134: 769-776.
Yadav, P., Kaur, R., Kanwar, M.K., Sharma, A.,
Verma, V., Sirhindi, G. and Bhardwaj,
R. (2018). Castasterone confers
copper stress tolerance by regulating
anti-oxidant enzyme responses, antioxidants, and amino acid balance in B.
juncea seedlings. Ecotoxicology
Environmental Safety, 147: 725–734.
Zaheer, A., Mirza, B.S., Mclean, J.E., Yasmin,
S., Shah, S.M. and Malik, K.A. (2016).
Association of plant growth promoting
Serratia spp. with the root nodules of
chickpea. Research in Microbiology,
: 510-520.
Zhang, P., Wang, W.Q., Zhang, G.L., Kaminek,
M., Dobrev, P., Xu, J. and Gruissem,
W. (2010). Senescence-inducible
expression of isopentenyl transferase
extends leaf life, increases drought
stress resistance and alters cytokinin
metabolism in cassava. Journal of
Integrative Plant Biology, 52: 653–669.
d
Zhou, J., Du, B., Liu, H., Cui, H., Zhang, W., Fan,
X. and Zhou, J. (2020). The
bioavailability and contribution of the
newly deposited heavy metals (copper
and lead) from atmosphere to rice
(Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 384: 121285.
Zhou, M., Ghnaya, T., Dailly, H., Cui, H.,
Vanpee, B., Han, R. and Lutts, S.
(2019). The cytokinin trans-zeatine
riboside increased resistance to heavy
metals in the halophyte plant species
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos in the
absence but not in the presence of
NaCl. Chemosphere, 233: 954–965.