Biodegradation of Cypermethrin and its metabolic products by Bacillus flexus strain PC5 isolated from cypermethrin-treated agricultural soil Biodegradation of Cypermethrin and its metabolic products by Bacillus flexus
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Abstract
Cypermethrin (CPM) are frequently used in agricultural farmlands to control pest infestation in crops. However, its toxicity towards human and aquatic organisms requires its complete degradation in the environment. In this study, agricultural soil with extensive history of CPM application was used to prepare enrichment cultures using CPM as sole carbon source for isolation of CPM degraders. GC-MS method was used to detect the CPM degradation metabolites in the culture medium. Strain PC5 was found highly efficient in degradation of CPM and its metabolic products and was identified as Bacillus flexus (GenBank accession number LC218817) using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain PC5 degraded 75.74 % of CPM (100 mg L-1) within 6 days of incubation in CPM minimal salts medium (MSM) with utilization rate of 0.532 mg L-1h-1. Bacillus flexus strain PC5 had specific growth rate of 0.04 h-1 during exponential growth phase in MSM. GC-MS analysis of the culture extract showed presence of 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde, 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-Phenoxyphenol and phenol as major metabolites. The optimal pH for CPM degradation by strain PC5 was 7.0, with degradation percentage of 75.74 % within 6 days. Degradation of CPM at different concentrations (150 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1) by strain PC5 was 64.76 % and 34.13 % respectively after 6 days of growth. Decrease in CPM concentration (89.10 % degradation) over a period of 30 days was recorded in soil microcosms using strain PC5. Based on the metabolites detected in the culture extract, CPM degradation pathway was proposed for strain PC5. The efficient biodegradation potential and utilization of major metabolites of CPM suggests that strain PC5 can be a valuable strain for the development of bioremediation strategies for CPM polluted ecosystem.
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