Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Associated with Hospital Wastewater in Niger State, Nigeria
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly urgent global issue, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria posing a significant threat to public health. This study evaluated the MDR patterns of the isolates from hospital wastewater. Samples were collected from three hospitals in Minna, and the samples were identified using the spread plate method. The isolates were then identified using Gram staining and other biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The study identified a total of 24 bacteria of four different types of Gram-negative isolates, including Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The result revealed that sample GH (2.15×107) had the highest microbial count while sample SH (2.5×106) had the least. All the isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant, with high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index for both isolated bacteria (0.61 to 0.70) and sampling sites (0.62 to 0.63). All bacterial isolates showed 100% resistance to Augmentin, Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol. The study concluded that hospital sewage serves as a hotspot for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are usually associated with infections difficult to control in the environment. Therefore, there is need for appropriate treatment of hospital wastewater to prevent the spread of MDR bacteria.
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